The Shaping of Modern Europe

• Introduction to the Reformation
• The Church before the Reformation I : Indulgences, Relics and Pilgrimages
• The Church before the Reformation II : The Wealth and Political Power of the Church
• The Church before the Reformation III :The Clergy
• The Church before the Reformation IV : Inside a Church
• The Lutheran Revolt
• Conflict between Luther and the Church
• The Church reacts to Luther
• The Catholic and the Lutheran Church
• Huldreick Zwingli
• John Calvin
• The English Reformation
   
• Europe in 1600
• 17th Century Europe

Two Centuries of Revolutionary Change

The Industrial Revolution

• The Agricultural Revolution
• The First Industrial Revolution
• The Second Industrial Revolution
• Social Development in the Industrial revolution

Europe After Napoleon

• The Congress of Vienna
• Revolutionary Europe 1820-1848
• The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
• Europe After 1848

Colonisation

• The 'Scramble for Africa'
• The Conference of Berlin 1884-1885
• The Fashoda Crisis 1898
• Colonies : Conclusion

The "Eastern Question"

• Introduction
• Big Power Ambitions in the Balkans
• The Treaty of Berlin 1878
• The Balkans and the Alliance System
• The Bosnia Crisis
• The Balkan Wars and After

Britain : Island State to Empire

17th Century England

• Introduction : Constitutional Government
• James I and the Divine Right of Kings
• Towards Civil War
• The First English Civil War
• Cromwell and the New Model Army
• The Second English Civil War
• The Trial and Execution of Charles I
• The English Republic (1649 - 1660)
• Life in Cromwell's England
• Charles II : "The Merry Monarch"

England during the reign of Charles II

• Samuel Pepys
• The Royal Society
• The Great Plague
• The Great Fire of London

• Whigs and Tories
• James II and the Monmouth Rebellion (1685)
• The "Glorious Revolution" of 1688
• The Bill of Rights
• John Locke and the "Treatises on Government

Colonies and Empires

• In the 15th Century
• In the 16th Century
• In the 17th and 18th Centuries

European Settlement in North America

• Introduction
• The First Colony : Virginia
• The Pilgrim Fathers
• The Mayflower and the Mayflower Compact
• Plymouth Settlement
• The First Thanksgiving
• Massachusetts
• Other Colonies

The Origins of Canada

• Introduction : New France
• The Hudson Bay Company
• France Claims the Mississippi River
  ...

The Struggle between France and Britain for North America

• Introduction
• The Seven Years' War
• The Fall of Quebec
• The Treaty of Paris
  ...

The American War of Independence

• Introduction
• Britain Taxes its Colonies
• The Boston Massacre
• The "Boston Tea Party"
• The First Continental Congress
• The War for Independence Begins
• The Second Continental Congress
• American Victories
• The Declaration of Independence

• Top of Page